תחשבו שוב

הכוח להטיל ספק

אדם גרנט


תקציר על המחבר/ת פרטים נוספים
שם בעברית תחשבו שוב
דאנאקוד 99-2440
מספר עמודים 268
שם המתרגם דנה אלעזר הלוי
תאריך הוצאה 2022
שם באנגלית Think Again
שם מחבר באנגלית Adam Grant

תקציר

"מבריק... מובטח כי יגרום לכם לחשוב מחדש על דעותיכם ועל ההחלטות החשובות ביותר שלכם"

דניאל כהנמן, זוכה פרס נובל לכלכלה

הפסיכולוג הנודע אדם גרנט בוחן את האמנות ההכרחית של חשיבה-מחדש: ללמוד איך להטיל ספק בדעותינו ואיך לפקוח את עיניהם של אחרים, מה שיעזור לנו להצטיין בעבודה ולחיות את חיינו בתבונה.

חוכמה נתפסת לעתים קרובות כיכולת לחשוב וללמוד, אבל בעולם משתנה במהירות ישנן מיומנויות נוספות שיכולות להיות חשובות אפילו יותר: היכולת להטיל ספק בדעותינו, ולחשוב מחדש.

אנחנו מקשיבים לדעות שנותנות לנו תחושה טובה במקום לרעיונות שמכריחים אותנו להתאמץ לחשוב. אנחנו רואים בחילוקי דעות איוּם על האגו שלנו במקום הזדמנות ללמוד.  אנחנו מקיפים את עצמנו באנשים שמסכימים עם מסקנותינו, במקום לדבוק באלה שמאתגרים את תהליך החשיבה שלנו.  אנחנו חושבים יותר מדי כמו מטיפים שמגינים על אמונותיהם המקודשות, כמו תובעים בבית משפט שמוכיחים שהצד השני טועה וכמו פוליטיקאים שמבקשים להשיג תמיכה – ומעט מדי כמו מדענים המחפשים את האמת.

 והאמת היא שקדמה אינה אפשרית ללא שינוי, ומי שלא יכול לשנות את דעתו, לעיתים לא יוכל לשנות דבר. 

 

גרנט קבע לעצמו עיקרון לטעון טיעונים כאילו הוא צודק, אבל להקשיב כאילו הוא טועה. באמצעות רעיונות נועזים, סיפורים מלאי השראה, ומחקרים עדכניים תחשבו שוב מראה לנו שחשיבה-מחדש היא הלך רוח ומיומנות שאפשר ללמד, וגרנט מסביר איך לפתח את התכונות הדרושות לשם כך. אתם תלמדו איך מוזיקאי שחור משכנע גזענים לבנים לזנוח את השנאה, איך משכנעים מתנגדי חיסונים לחסן את ילדיהם, איך הסופר עצמו שכנע אוהדי ינקיז לעודד את יריבתם המושבעת הרד סוקס ומה אפשר ללמוד מילדה בת שמונה, ישראלית מחיפה ואלופת דיבייטינג עולמית. אתם תראו כיצד האנשים המצליחים בעולם הם אלה שערוכים לחשוב מחדש, שוב ושוב על עמדתם על בסיס עובדות ושינויים, וכיצד מנהלים שמודים שאינם יודעים דבר מה ומבקשים משובים ביקורתיים, הם אלה שמצליחים לבנות ולהוביל צוותים יצירתיים וחדשניים יותר.


תחשבו שוב מגלה שאנחנו לא חייבים להאמין בכל דבר שאנחנו חושבים או להפנים כל רגש שאנחנו מרגישים. הספר הוא הזמנה להרפות מדעות שכבר אינן משרתות אותנו היטב, לשאוב הנאה גם מלטעות, להעדיף גמישות מחשבתית על פני עקביות מטופשת, ולקבל החלטות טובות ונכונות יותר לגבי חיינו. אם ידע הוא כוח, לדעת מה איננו יודעים – זוהי חוכמה. 

"הספר משכנע ביותר בצורך לחשוב מחדש על הדברים שאנחנו כבר יודעים, וזה לא רק לקח יעיל אלא הכרחי" – פייננשל טיימס


"הספר מספק עצות נבונות על הצורך לקעקע הנחות יסוד ולפתוח את עצמנו לסקרנות ולענווה" – וושינגטון פוסט

על המחבר

אדם גרנט - Adam Grant

אדם גרנט הוא פסיכולוג ארגוני באוניברסיטת וורטון, ושבע שנים ברציפות דורג בה כמרצה הטוב ביותר. הוא אחד הדוברים האהודים ביותר ב"טד", ספריו נמכרו במיליוני עותקים, הרצאותיו נצפו יותר מ-25 מיליון פעמים, והפודקאסט שלו – WorkLife with Adam Grant – הגיע לרשימת הפודקאסטים המואזנים ביותר. המחקר פורץ הדרך שלו עורר באנשים השראה לחשוב מחדש על הנחות בסיסיות הנוגעות למוטיבציה, נדיבות ויצירתיות. גרנט הוכתר כאחד מעשרת ההוגים המשפיעים ביותר בתחום הניהול וזכה בפרסים יוקרתיים של איגוד הפסיכולוגים האמריקאי והקרן הלאומית למדע על הישגיו במחקר. הוא בעל תואר ראשון מאוניברסיטת הרווארד ותואר שלישי מאוניברסיטת מישיגן.


פרטים נוספים

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264 | תחשבו שוב / אדם גרנט

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| תחשבו שוב / אדם גרנט

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with Individual Differences Data,” Intelligence 80

(2020): 101449; Tal Yarkoni, “What the Dunning-Kruger Effect Is

and Isn’t,” July 7, 2010, www.talyarkoni.org/blog/2010/07/07/whatthe-

dunning-kruger-effect‑is‑and-isnt.

 

21 Joyce Ehrlinger et al., “Why the Unskilled Are Unaware: Further

Explorations of (Absent) Self-Insight among the Incompetent,”

Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 105 (2008):

98–121.

 

22 Spencer Greenberg and Seth Stephens-Davidowitz, “You Are Not as

Good at Kissing as You Think. But You Are Better at Dancing,” New

York Times, April 6, 2019, www.nytimes.com/2019/04/06/opinion/

sunday/overconfidence-men-omen.html.

 

23 Carmen Sanchez and David Dunning, “Overconfidence among

Beginners: Is a Little Learning a Dangerous Thing?,” Journal of

Personality and Social Psychology 114 (2018): 10–28.

 

24 John Q. Young et al., “‘July Effect’: Impact of the Academic Year-

End Changeover on Patient Outcomes,” Annals of Internal Medicine

הערות | 271

155 (2011): 309–15; Sarah Kliff, “The July Effect Is Real: New

Doctors Really Do Make Hospitals More Dangerous,”

Vox, July 13,

2014, www.vox.com/2014/7/13/5893653/the-july-effect‑is‑real-newdoctors-

really‑do‑make-hospitals-more.

 

25 Roger Boyes, Meltdown Iceland: Lessons on the World Financial

Crisis from a Small Bankrupt Island (New York: Bloomsbury, 2009).

 

26 Boyes, Meltdown Iceland; “Cracks in the Crust,” Economist, December

11, 2008, www.economist.com/briefing/2008/12/11/cracks‑in‑thecrust;

Heather Farmbrough, “How Iceland’s Banking Collapse Created

an Opportunity,” Forbes, December 23, 2019, www.forbes.com/sites/

heatherfarmbrough/2019/12/23/how-icelands-banking-collapse-cr

eated‑an‑opportunity/#72693f035e97; “25 People to Blame for the

Financial Crisis,” Time, February 10, 2009, content.time.com/time/

specials/pack ages/article/0,28804,1877351_ 1877350_ 1877340,00.

html; John L. Campbell and John A. Hall, The Paradox of Vulnerability:

States, Nationalism & the Financial Crisis (Princeton, NJ: Princeton

University Press, 2017); Robert H. Wade and Silla Sigurgeirsdottir,

“Iceland’s

Meltdown: The Rise and Fall of International Banking in

the North Atlantic,” Brazilian

Journal of Political Economy 31 (2011):

684–97; Report of the Special Investigation Commission, April 12,

2010, www.rna.is/eldri-nefndir/addragandi‑og‑orsakir-falls-islenskubankanna-

2008/skyrsla-nefndarinnar/english; Daniel Chartier, The

End of Iceland’s

Innocence: The Image of Iceland in the Foreign Media

during the Financial Crisis (Ottawa, ON: University of Ottawa Press,

2011); “Excerpts: Iceland’s Oddsson,” Wall Street Journal, October

17, 2008, www.wsj.com/articles/SB122418335729241577; Geir

  1. Haarde, “Icelandic Leaders Accused of Negligence,” Financial

Times, April 12, 2010, www.ft.com/content/82bb2296-4637-11df-

8769-00144feab49a; “Report on Iceland’s Banking

Collapse Blasts

Ex‑Officials,” Wall Street Journal, April 13, 2010, www.wsj.com/arti

cles/SB10001424052702303828304575179722049591754.

272 | תחשבו שוב / אדם גרנט

 

27 Tim Urban, “The Thinking Ladder,” Wait but Why (blog), September

27, 2019, waitbutwhy.com/2019/09/thinking-ladder.html.

 

28 Dov Eden, “Means Efficacy:

External Sources of General and

Specific Subjective Efficacy,” in Work Motivation

in the Context of

a Globalizing Economy, ed. Miriam Erez, Uwe Kleinbeck, and Henk

Thierry (Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 2001); Dov Eden et al., “Augmenting

Means Efficacy to Boost Performance: Two Field Experiments,”

Journal of Management 36 (2008): 687–713.

 

29 Personal interview with Sara Blakely, September 12, 2019; see also

Clare O’Connor, “How Sara Blakely of Spanx Turned $5,000 into $1

Billion,” Forbes, March 26, 2012, www.forbes.com/global/2012/0326/

billionaires‑12‑feature-united-states-spanx-sara-blakely-americanbooty.

html; “How Spanx Got Started,” Inc., January 20, 2012, www.

inc.com/sara-blakely/how-sara-blakley-started-spanx.html.

 

30 Tenelle Porter, “The Benefits of Admitting When You Don’t Know,”

Behavioral Scientist, April 30, 2018, behavioralscientist.org/thebenefits‑of‑admitting-

when-you-dont-know.

 

31 Thomas Gatzka and Benedikt Hell, “Openness and Post-

Secondary

Academic Performance: A Meta-analysis of Facet-, Aspect-, and

Dimension-Level Correlations,” Journal of Educational Psychology

110 (2018): 355–77.

 

32 Tenelle Porter et al., “Intellectual Humility Predicts Mastery Behaviors

When Learning,” Learning and Individual Differences 80 (2020):

101888.

 

33 Bradley P. Owens, Michael D. Johnson, and Terence R. Mitchell,

“Expressed Humility in Organizations: Implications for Performance,

Teams, and Leadership,” Organization Science 24 (2013): 1517–38.

 

34 Mark R. Leary et al., “Cognitive and Interpersonal

Features of

Intellectual Humility,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 43

(2017): 793–813.

הערות | 273

 

35 Samantha A. Deffler, Mark R. Leary, and Rick H. Hoyle, “Knowing

What You Know: Intellectual Humility and Judgments of Recognition

Memory,” Personality and Individual Differences 96 (2016): 255–59.

 

36 Bradley P. Owens, Angela S. Wallace, and David A. Waldman, “Leader

Narcissism and Follower Outcomes: The Counterbalancing Effect

of Leader Humility,” Journal of Applied Psychology 100 (2015):

1203–13; Hongyu Zhang et al., “CEO Humility, Narcissism and

Firm Innovation: A Paradox Perspective on CEO Traits,” Leadership

Quarterly 28 (2017): 585–604.

 

37 Personal interview with Halla Tómasdóttir, February 27, 2019.

 

38 Jaruwan Sakulku, “The Impostor Phenomenon,” International Journal

of Behavioral Science 6 (2011): 75–97.

 

39 Dena M. Bravata et al., “Prevalence, Predictors, and Treatment of

Impostor Syndrome: A Systematic Review,” Journal of General

Internal Medicine 35 (2020): 1252–75.

 

40 Basima Tewfik, “Workplace Impostor Thoughts: Theoretical

Conceptualization, Construct Measurement, and Relationships with

Work-Related Outcomes,” Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations

(2019): 3603.

 

41 Adam M. Grant and Amy Wrzesniewski, “I Won’t Let You Down . . .

or Will I? Core Self-Evaluations, Other-Orientation, Anticipated Guilt

and Gratitude, and Job Performance,” Journal of Applied Psychology

95 (2010): 108–21.

 

42 See Christine L. Porath and Thomas S. Bateman, “Self-Regulation:

From Goal Orientation to Job Performance,” Journal of Applied

Psychology 91 (2006): 185–92; Samir Nurmohamed, “The

Underdog Effect: When Low Expectations Increase Performance,”

Academy of Management Journal (July 26, 2020), doi.org/10.5465/

amj.2017.0181.

 

43 See Albert Bandura and Edwin A. Locke, “Negative Self-Efficacy and

274 | תחשבו שוב / אדם גרנט

Goal Effects Revisited,” Journal of Applied Psychology 88 (2003):

87–99.

 

44 Elizabeth J. Krumrei-Mancuso et al., “Links between Intellectual

Humility and Acquiring Knowledge,” Journal of Positive Psychology

15 (2020): 155–70.

 

 

 

45 Danielle V. Tussing, “Hesitant at the Helm: The Effectiveness-

Emergence Paradox of Reluctance to Lead” (Ph.D. diss., University

of Pennsylvania, 2018).

 

46 Edwin A. Locke and Gary P. Latham, “Building a Practically Useful

Theory of Goal Setting and Task Motivation: A 35‑Year Odyssey,”

American Psychologist

57 (2002): 705–17; M. Travis Maynard et al.,

“Modeling Time-Lagged Psychological Empowerment-Performance

Relationships,” Journal of Applied Psychology 99 (2014): 1244–53;

Dana H. Lindsley, Daniel J. Brass, and James B. Thomas, “Efficacy-

Performance Spirals: A Multilevel Perspective,” Academy of

Management Review 20 (1995): 645–78.

 

הערות פרק 3

1 Frasier, season 2, episode 12, “Roz in the Doghouse,” January 3, 1995,

NBC.

 

2 Henry A. Murray, “Studies of Stressful Interpersonal Disputations,”

American Psychologist 18 (1963): 28–36.

 

3 Richard G. Adams, “Unabomber,” The Atlantic, September 2000,

“Letters,” www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2000/09/letters/37

8379.

 

4 Alston Chase, A Mind for Murder: The Education of the Unabomber

and the Origins of Modern Terrorism (New York: W. W. Norton,

2004).

 

5 Murray S. Davis, “That’s Interesting!: Toward a Phenomenology

of

Sociology and a Sociology of Phenomenology,” Philosophy of Social

Science 1 (1971): 309–44.

הערות | 275

 

6 Sarah T. Stewart, “Where Did the Moon Come From? A New Theory,”

TED Talks, February 2019, www.ted.com/talks/sarah_ t_ stewart_

where_ did_ the_ moon_ come_ from_ a_ new_ theory.

 

7 Lesley Evans Ogden, “The Tusks of Narwhals Are Actually

Teeth

That Are Inside-Out,” BBC, October 26, 2015, www.bbc.com/earth/

story/20151026-the-tusks‑of‑narwhals-are-actually-teeth-that-areinside-

out.

 

8 Anthony G. Greenwald, “The Totalitarian Ego: Fabrication and

Revision of Personal History,” American Psychologist 35 (1980):

603–18.

 

9 Richard P. Feynman, “Surely You’re Joking, Mr. Feynman!”:

Adventures of a Curious Character (New York: W. W. Norton, 1985),

and “Cargo Cult Science,”

Caltech Commencement, 1974, calteches.

library.caltech.edu/51/2/CargoCult.htm.

10 “Text of Unabomber Manifesto,” New York Times, May 26, 1996,

archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/national/unabommanifesto‑1.

html.

 

11 Jonas T. Kaplan, Sarah I. Gimbel, and Sam Harris, “Neural Correlates

of Maintaining One’s Political Beliefs in the Face of Counterevidence,”

Scientific Reports 6 (2016): 39589.

 

12 Joseph LeDoux, The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinnings

of Emotional Life (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998); Joseph

Cesario, David J. Johnson, and Heather L. Eisthen, “Your Brain Is

Not an Onion with a Tiny Reptile Inside,” Current Directions in

Psychological Science 29 (2020): 255–60.

 

13 Elizabeth Kolbert, “Why Facts Don’t Change Our Minds,” New Yorker,

February 27, 2017, www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/02/27/whyfacts-

dont-change-our-minds.

 

14 Eli Pariser, The Filter Bubble: How the New Personalized Web Is

Changing What We Read and How We Think (New York: Penguin,

2011).

276 | תחשבו שוב / אדם גרנט

 

15 ideas42 Behavioral Summit, New York, NY, October 13, 2016.

 

16 Personal interview with Daniel Kahneman, June 13, 2019.

 

17 Corey Lee M. Keyes, “Subjective Change and Its Consequences for

Emotional Well-Being,” Motivation and Emotion 24 (2000): 67–84.

 

18 Anthony L. Burrow et al., “Derailment: Conceptualization, Measurement,

and Adjustment Correlates of Perceived Change in Self and

Direction,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 118 (2020):

584–601.

 

19 Michael J. Chandler et al., “Personal Persistence, Identity Development,

and Suicide: A Study of Native and Non-Native North American

Adolescents,”

Monographs of the Society for Research in Child

Development 68 (2003): 1–138.

 

20 Kaylin Ratner et al., “Depression and Derailment: A Cyclical Model of

Mental Illness and Perceived Identity Change,” Clinical Psychological

Science 7 (2019): 735–53.

 

21 Personal interview with Ray Dalio, October 11, 2017; “How to Love

Criticism,” WorkLife with Adam Grant, February 28, 2018.

 

22 Personal interviews with Jean-Pierre Beugoms, June 26 and July 22,

2019.

 

23 Nate Silver, “How I Acted Like a Pundit and Screwed Up on Donald

Trump,” FiveThirtyEight, May 18, 2016, fivethirtyeight.com/features/

how‑i‑acted-like‑a‑pundit-and-screwed‑up‑on‑donald-trump.

24 Andrew Sabisky, “Just-World Bias Has Twisted Media Coverage of

the Donald Trump Campaign,” International Business Times, March

9, 2016, www.ibtimes.co.uk/just-world-bias-has-twisted-mediacoverage-

donald-trump-campaign-1547151.

 

25 Jean-Pierre Beugoms, “Who Will Win the Republican

Party Nomination

for the U.S. Presidential Election?,” Good Judgment Open, November

18, 2015, www.gjopen.com/comments/44283.

 

26 Daryl R. Van Tongeren et al., “Religious Residue: Cross-Cultural

Evidence That Religious Psychology and Behavior Persist Following

הערות | 277

Deidentification,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

(March 12, 2020).

 

27 Philip E. Tetlock and Dan Gardner, Superforecasting: The Art and

Science of Prediction (New York: Random House, 2015); Philip E.

Tetlock, Expert Political Judgment: How Good Is It? How Can We

Know? (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005).

 

28 Uriel Haran, Ilana Ritov, and Barbara A. Mellers, “The Role of Actively

Open-Minded Thinking in Information Acquisition, Accuracy, and

Calibration,” Judgment

and Decision Making 8 (2013): 188–201.

 

29 Barbara Mellers et al., “The Psychology of Intelligence Analysis:

Drivers of Prediction Accuracy in World Politics,” Journal of

Experimental Psychology:

Applied 21 (2015): 1–14.

 

30 Barbara Mellers et al., “Identifying and Cultivating Superforecasters

as a Method of Improving Probabilistic Predictions,” Perspectives

on

Psychological Science 10 (2015): 267–81.

 

31 Kathryn Schulz, Being Wrong: Adventures in the Margin of Error

(New York: HarperCollins, 2010).

 

32 Keith E. Stanovich and Richard F. West, “Reasoning Independently

of Prior Belief and Individual Differences in Actively Open-\Minded

Thinking,” Journal of Educational Psychology 89 (1997): 342–57.

 

33 Seinfeld, season 6, episode 16, “The Beard,” February 9, 1995, NBC.

 

34 Personal interview with Kjirste Morrell, May 21, 2019.

 

35 Asher Koriat, Sarah Lichtenstein, and Baruch Fischhoff, “Reasons for

Confidence,” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning

and Memory 6 (1980): 107–18.

 

36 “Self-Defeating Humor Promotes Psychological

Well-Being, Study

Reveals,” ScienceDaily, February 8, 2018, www.sciencedaily.com/

releases/2018/02/180208104225.htm.

 

37 Jonathan B. Evans et al., “Gender and the Evaluation

of Humor at

Work,” Journal of Applied Psychology 104 (2019): 1077–87.

 

38 Mark Sullivan, “Jeff Bezos at re:MARS,” Fast Company, June 6, 2019,

www.fastcompany.com/90360687/jeff-bezos-business-advice‑5‑tipsfrom-

amazons-remars?_ ga= 2.101831750.679949067.1593530400-

358702464.1558396776.

 

39 John Noble Wilford, “Astronomer Retracts His Discovery of Planet,”

New York Times, January 16, 1992, www.nytimes.com/1992/01/16/us/

astronomer-retracts-his-discovery‑of‑planet.html.

 

40 Michael D. Lemonick, “When Scientists Screw Up,” Slate, October

15, 2012, slate.com/technology/2012/10/scientists-make-mistakeshow-

astronomers-and-biologists-correct-the-record-when-theyvescrewed‑up.

html.

 

41 Adam K. Fetterman and Kai Sassenberg, “The Reputational

Consequences of Failed Replications and Wrongness Admission

Among Scientists,” PLoS ONE 10 (2015): e0143723.

 

42 Adam K. Fetterman et al., “On the Willingness to Admit Wrongness:

Validation of a New Measure and an Exploration of Its Correlates,”

Personality and Individual

Differences 138 (2019): 193–202.

 

43 Will Smith, “Fault vs Responsibility,” YouTube, January 31, 2018,

www.youtube.com/watch? v= USsqkd-E9ag.

 

44 Chase, A Mind for Murder.

 

45 See James Q. Wilson, “In Search of Madness,” New York Times,

January 15, 1998, www.nytimes.com/1998/01/15/opinion/

in‑search‑of‑madness.html.

 

הערות פרק 4

 

1 Oscar Wilde, “The Remarkable Rocket,” in The Happy Prince and

Other Stories, ed. L. Carr (London: Heritage Illustrated Publishing,

1888/2014).

 

2 David McCullough, The Wright Brothers (New York: Simon &

Schuster, 2015); Tom D. Crouch, The Bishop’s Boys: A Life of Wilbur

and Orville Wright (New York: W. W. Norton, 2003); James Tobin,

הערות | 279

To Conquer the Air (New York: Free Press, 2003); Peter L. Jakab and

Rick Young, eds., The Published Writings of Wilbur and Orville Wright

(Washington, DC: Smithsonian, 2000); Fred Howard, Wilbur and

Orville: A Biography

of the Wright Brothers (New York: Ballantine,

1988).

3 Jesse David Fox, “The History of Tina Fey and Amy Poehler’s Best

Friendship,” Vulture, December 15, 2015, www.vulture.com/2013/01/

history‑of‑tina-and-amys-best-friendship.html.

 

4 Michael Gallucci, “The Day John Lennon Met Paul McCartney,”

Ultimate Classic Rock, July 6, 2015, ultimateclassicrock.com/johnlennon-

meets-paul-mccartney.

 

5 Rosanna Greenstreet, “How We Met: Ben Cohen and Jerry

Greenfield,” Independent, May 28, 1995, www.independent.co.uk/

arts-entertainment/how‑we‑met-ben-cohen-and-jerry-greenfield-

1621559.html.

 

6 Karen A. Jehn, “A Multimethod Examination of the Benefits and

Detriments of Intragroup Conflict,” Administrative Science Quarterly

40 (1995): 256–82.

 

7 Penelope Spheeris et al., The Little Rascals, directed by Penelope

Spheeris, Universal Pictures, 1994.

 

8 William Goldman, The Princess Bride, directed by Rob Reiner, 20th

Century Fox, 1987.

 

9 David Mickey Evans and Robert Gunter, The Sandlot, directed

by

David Mickey Evans, 20th Century Fox, 1993.

 

10 Frank R. C. de Wit, Lindred L. Greer, and Karen A. Jehn, “The

Paradox of Intragroup Conflict: A Meta-analysis,” Journal of Applied

Psychology 97 (2012): 360–90.

 

11 Jiing-Lih Farh, Cynthia Lee, and Crystal I. C. Farh, “Task Conflict and

Creativity: A Question of How Much and When,” Journal of Applied

Psychology 95 (2010): 1173–80.

 

12 Carsten K. W. De Dreu, “When Too Little or Too Much Hurts: Evidence

for a Curvilinear Relationship between Task Conflict and Innovation

in Teams,” Journal of Management 32 (2006): 83–107.

 

13 Robert S. Dooley and Gerald E. Fryxell, “Attaining Decision Quality

and Commitment from Dissent: The Moderating Effects of Loyalty

and Competence in Strategic Decision-Making Teams,” Academy of

Management Journal 42 (1999): 389–402.

 

14 Kathleen M. Eisenhardt, Jean L. Kahwajy, and L. J. Bourgeois III,

“How Management Teams Can Have a Good Fight,” Harvard Business

Review, July–August 1997, 77–85.

 

15 Kathleen McCoy, E. Mark Cummings, and Patrick

  1. Davies,

“Constructive and Destructive Marital Conflict, Emotional Security

and Children’s Prosocial Behavior,” Journal of Child Psychology and

Psychiatry 50 (2009): 270–79.

 

 

16 Donald W. Mackinnon, “Personality and the Realization of Creative

Potential,” American Psychologist 20 (1965): 273–81.

 

17 Paula Olszewski, Marilynn Kulieke, and Thomas Buescher, “The Influence

of the Family Environment on the Development of Talent: A

Literature Review,” Journal for the Education of the Gifted 11 (1987):

6–28.

 

18 Robert S. Albert, ed., Genius & Eminence (Oxford: Pergamon Press,

1992).

 

19 Lauri A. Jensen-Campbell, Jennifer M. Knack, and Haylie L. Gomez,

“The Psychology of Nice People,” Social and Personality Psychology

Compass 4 (2010): 1042–56; Robert R. McCrae and Antonio

Terraciano, “National Character and Personality,”

Current Directions

in Psychological Science 15 (2006): 156–61.

 

20 Bryor Snefjella, Daniel Schmidtke, and Victor Kuperman,

“National

Character Stereotypes Mirror Language Use: A Study of Canadian and

American Tweets,” PLoS ONE 13 (2018): e0206188.

 

21 Henk T. van der Molen, Henk G. Schmidt, and Gerard Kruisman,

“Personality Characteristics of Engineers,” European Journal of

הערות | 281

Engineering Education 32 (2007): 495–501; Gidi Rubinstein, “The

Big Five among Male and Female Students of Different Faculties,” If

Personality and Individual Differences 38 (2005): 1495–503.

 

22 Stéphane Côté and D. S. Moskowitz, “On the Dynamic Covariation

between Interpersonal Behavior and Affect: Prediction from

Neuroticism, Extraversion, and Agreeableness,” Journal of Personality

and Social Psychology 75 (1998): 1032–46.

 

23 Personal interviews with Brad Bird, November 8, 2018, and April 28,

2020; Nicole Grindle, October 19, 2018, and March 17, 2020; and

John Walker, November

21, 2018, and March 24, 2020; “The Creative

Power of Misfits,” WorkLife with Adam Grant, March 5, 2019;

Hayagreeva Rao, Robert Sutton, and Allen P. Webb, “Innovation

Lessons from Pixar: An Interview with Oscar-Winning Director

Brad Bird,” McKinsey Quarterly, April 1, 2008, www.mckinsey.

com/business-unctions/strategy-and-corporate-finance/our-insights/

innovation-lessons-from-pixar‑an‑interview-with-oscar-winningdirector-

brad-bird; The Making of “The Incredibles,” directed by Rick

Butler, Pixar, 2005; Alec Bojalad, “The Incredibles 2: Brad Bird on

Family, Blu-Ray Extras, and More,” Den of Geek, October 24, 2018,

www.denofgeek.com/tv/the-incredibles‑2‑brad-bird‑on‑family-bluray-

extras-and-more.

 

24 Jeffery A. LePine and Linn Van Dyne, “Voice and Cooperative

Behavior as Contrasting Forms of Contextual Performance: Evidence

of Differential Relationships with Big Five Personality Characteristics

and Cognitive

Ability,” Journal of Applied Psychology 86 (2001):

326–36.

 

25 Samuel T. Hunter and Lily Cushenbery, “Is Being a Jerk Necessary for

Originality? Examining the Role of Disagreeableness in the Sharing

and Utilization of Original Ideas,” Journal of Business and Psychology

30 (2015): 621–39.

282 | תחשבו שוב / אדם גרנט

 

26 Leslie A. DeChurch and Michelle A. Marks, “Maximizing the Benefits

of Task Conflict: The Role of Conflict Management,” International

Journal of Conflict Management 12 (2001): 4–22.

 

27 Jing Zhou and Jennifer M. George, “When Job Dissatisfaction Leads

to Creativity: Encouraging the Expression of Voice,” Academy of

Management Journal 44 (2001): 682–96.

 

28 Amir Goldberg et al., “Fitting In or Standing Out? The Tradeoffs

of Structural and Cultural Embeddedness,” American Sociological

Review 81 (2016): 1190–222.

 

29 Joeri Hofmans and Timothy A. Judge, “Hiring for Culture Fit

Doesn’t Have to Undermine Diversity,” Harvard Business Review,

September 18, 2019, hbr.org/2019/09/hiring-for-culture-fit-doesnthave‑to‑undermine-

diversity.

 

30 Sun Hyun Park, James D. Westphal, and Ithai Stern, “Set Up for a

Fall: The Insidious Effects of Flattery and Opinion Conformity toward

Corporate Leaders,” Administrative Science Quarterly 56 (2011):

257–302.

 

31 William Safire, “On Language: Murder Board at the Skunk Works,”

New York Times, October 11, 1987, www.nytimes.com/1987/10/11/

magazine/on‑language-murder-board‑at‑the-skunk-works.html.

 

32 Derek Thompson, “Google X and the Science of Radical

Creativity,”

The Atlantic, November 2017, www.theatlantic.com/magazine/

archive/2017/11/x‑google-moonshot-factory/540648.

 

33 David Yeager et al., “Breaking the Cycle of Mistrust: Wise Interventions

to Provide Critical Feedback across the Racial Divide,” Journal of

Experimental

Psychology: General 143 (2014): 804–24.

 

34 The Cambridge Companion to Hemingway, ed. Scott Donaldson

(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).

 

35 Elizabeth W. Morrison, “Employee Voice Behavior: Integration

and Directions for Future Research,” Academy of Management

Annals 5 (2011): 373–412; Charlan Jeanne Nemeth, In Defense of

הערות | 283

Troublemakers: The Power of Dissent in Life and Business (New

York: Basic Books, 2018).

 

36 Jennifer A. Chatman and Sigal G. Barsade, “Personality, Organizational

Culture, and Cooperation: Evidence from a Business Simulation,”

Administrative Science Quarterly 40 (1995): 423–43.

 

37 De Wit, Greer, and Jehn, “The Paradox of Intragroup Conflict.”

 

38 Ming-Hong Tsai and Corinne Bendersky, “The Pursuit of Information

Sharing: Expressing Task Conflicts as Debates vs. Disagreements

Increases Perceived Receptivity to Dissenting Opinions in Groups,”

Organization Science 27 (2016): 141–56.

 

39 Philip M. Fernbach et al., “Political Extremism Is Supported

by an

Illusion of Understanding,” Psychological Science 24 (2013): 939–

46.

 

40 Leonid Rozenblit and Frank Keil, “The Misunderstood Limits

of Folk

Science: An Illusion of Explanatory Depth,” Cognitive Science 26

(2002): 521–62.

 

41 Matthew Fisher and Frank Keil, “The Curse of Expertise: When More

Knowledge Leads to Miscalibrated Explanatory Insight,” Cognitive

Science 40 (2016): 1251–69.

 

42 Dan R. Johnson, Meredith P. Murphy, and Riley M. Messer, “Reflecting

on Explanatory Ability: A Mechanism for Detecting Gaps in Causal

Knowledge,”

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 145

(2016): 573–88.

 

הערות פרק 5

1 Tim Kreider, We Learn Nothing: Essays (New York: Simon & Schuster,

2012).

 

2 Personal interview with Harish Natarajan, May 23, 2019; “Live Debate:

IBM Project Debater,” IntelligenceSquared Debates, YouTube,

February 11, 2019, www.youtube.com/watch? v= m3u-1yttrVw.

 

3 Nicholas Kristof, “Too Small to Fail,” New York Times, June 2, 2016,

www.nytimes.com/2016/06/02/opinion/building-childrens-brains.

html.

 

4 George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, Metaphors We Live By (Chicago:

University of Chicago Press, 1980).

 

5 Neil Rackham, “The Behavior of Successful Negotiators,”

in

Negotiation: Readings, Exercises, and Cases, ed. Roy Lewicki, Bruce

Barry, and David Saunders (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1980/2007).

 

 

6 Femke S. Ten Velden, Bianca Beersma, and Carsten K. W. De Dreu,

“It Takes One to Tango: The Effects of Dyads’ Epistemic Motivation

Composition in Negotiations,” Personality and Social Psychology

Bulletin 36 (2010): 1454–66.

 

7 Maria Popova, “How to Criticize with Kindness: Philosopher

Daniel

Dennett on the Four Steps to Arguing Intelligently,” BrainPickings,

March 28, 2014, www.brainpickings.org/2014/03/28/daniel-dennettrapoport-

rules-criticism.

 

8 Fabrizio Butera, Nicolas Sommet, and Céline Darnon,

“Sociocognitive

Conflict Regulation: How to Make Sense of Diverging Ideas,” Current

Directions in Psychological Science 28 (2019): 145–51.

 

9 IBM Research Editorial Staff, “Think 2019 Kicks Off with Live Debate

between Man and Machine,” IBM Research Blog, February 12, 2019,

www.ibm.com/blogs/research/2019/02/ai‑debate-recap-think-2019;

Paul Teich, “IBM Project Debater Speaks to the Future of AI,” The

Next Platform, March 27, 2019, www.nextplatform.com/2019/03/27/

ibm-project-debater-speaks‑to‑the-future‑of‑ai; Dieter Bohn, “What

It’s Like to Watch an IBM AI Successfully Debate Humans,” The

Verge, June 18, 2018, www.theverge.com/2018/6/18/17477686/ibm

project-debater‑ai.

 

10 Conor Friedersdorf, “The Highest Form of Disagreement,” The

Atlantic, June 26, 2017, www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017

/06/the-highest-form‑of‑disagreement/531597.

הערות | 285

 

11 Kate A. Ranganath, Barbara A. Spellman, and Jennifer A. Joy-

Gaba, “Cognitive ‘Category-Based Induction’ Research and Social

‘Persuasion’ Research

Are Each about What Makes Arguments

Believable: A Tale of Two Literatures,” Perspectives on Psychological

Science 5 (2010): 115–22.

 

12 Richard E. Petty and Duane T. Wegener, “The Elaboration Likelihood

Model: Current Status and Controversies,” in Dual-Process Theories

in Social Psychology, ed. Shelly Chaiken and Yaacov Trope (New

York: Guilford, 1999).

 

13 John Biondo and A. P. MacDonald Jr., “Internal-External Locus of

Control and Response to Influence Attempts,” Journal of Personality

39 (1971): 407–19.

 

14 Daniel C. Feiler, Leigh P. Tost, and Adam M. Grant, “Mixed Reasons,

Missed Givings: The Costs of Blending Egoistic and Altruistic Reasons

in Donation Requests,” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 48

(2012): 1322–28.

 

15 Rachel (Penny) Breuhaus, “Get in the Game: Comparing the Effects

of Self-Persuasion and Direct Influence in Motivating Attendance at

UNC Men’s Basketball Games” (honors thesis, University of North

Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2009).

 

16 Elliot Aronson, “The Power of Self-Persuasion,” American

Psychologist 54 (1999): 875–84.

 

17 David G. Allen, Phillip C. Bryant, and James M. Vardaman, “Retaining

Talent: Replacing Misconceptions with Evidence-Based Strategies,”

Academy of Management

Perspectives 24 (2017): 48–64.

 

18 Paul Graham, “How to Disagree,” PaulGraham.com, March 2008,

www.paulgraham.com/disagree.html.

 

19 Aaron Kozbelt, “Longitudinal Hit Ratios of Classical Composers:

Reconciling ‘Darwinian’ and Expertise Acquisition Perspectives

on Lifespan Creativity,” Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and

the Arts 2 (2008): 221–35; Adam Grant, “The Surprising

Habits of

Original Thinkers,” TED Talk, February 2016, www.ted.com/talks/

adam_ grant_ the_ surprising_ habits_ of_ original_ thinkers.

 

20 See Michael Natkin, “Strong Opinions Loosely Held Might Be

the Worst Idea in Tech,” The Glowforge Blog, May 1, 2019, blog.

glowforge.com/strong-opinions-loosely-held-might‑be‑the-worstidea‑in‑tech.

 

21 Robert J. Cramer, Stanley L. Brodsky, and Jamie DeCoster,

“Expert

Witness Confidence and Juror Personality: Their Impact on Credibility

and Persuasion in the Courtroom,” Journal of the American Academy

of Psychiatry and Law 37 (2009) 63–74; Harvey London, Dennis

McSeveney, and Richard Tropper, “Confidence, Overconfidence and

Persuasion,” Human Relations 24 (1971): 359–69.

 

22 Mike Allen, “Meta-analysis Comparing the Persuasiveness of One-

Sided and Two-Sided Messages,” Western Journal of Speech Communication

55 (1991): 390–404.

 

23 Personal interview with Michele Hansen, February 23, 2018; “The

Problem with All-Stars,” WorkLife with Adam Grant, March 14,

2018.

 

24 The Office, season 3, episode 23, “Beach Games,” May 10, 2007,

NBC.

 

25 Seinfeld, season 5, episode 22, “The Opposite,” May 19, 1994, NBC.

 

26 Ovul Sezer, Francesca Gino, and Michael I. Norton, “Humblebragging:

A Distinct— and Ineffective— Self-Presentation Strategy,”

Journal of

Personality and Social Psychology 114 (2018): 52–74.

 

 

 

הערות פרק 6

1 Doris Kearns Goodwin, MLB Pro Blog, doriskearns goodwin.mlblogs.

com.

 

2 Personal communications with Daryl Davis, April 10, 2020; Daryl

Davis, “What Do You Do When Someone Just Doesn’t Like You?,”

TEDxCharlottesville, November 2017, www.ted.com/talks/daryl_

הערות | 287

davis_ what_ do_ you_ do_ when_ someone_ just_ doesn_ t_ like_

you; Dwane Brown, “How One Man Convinced 200 Ku Klux Klan

Members to Give Up Their Robes,” NPR, August 20, 2017, www.

npr.org/transcripts/544861933; Craig Phillips, “Reformed Racists:

Is There Life after Hate for Former White Supremacists?,” PBS,

February 9, 2017, www.pbs.org/independentlens/blog/reformedracists-

white-supremacists-life-after-hate; The Joe Rogan Experience,

#1419, January 30, 2020; Jeffrey Fleishman, “A Black Man’s Quixotic

Quest to Quell the Racism of the KKK, One Robe at a Time,” Los

Angeles Times, December 8, 2016, www.latimes.com/entertainment/

movies/la‑ca‑film-accidental-courtesy-20161205-story.html.

 

3 Amos Barshad, “Yankees Suck! Yankees Suck!” Grantland, September

1, 2015, http://grantland.com/features/yankees-suck‑t‑shirtsboston-

red-sox.

 

4 Steven A. Lehr, Meghan L. Ferreira, and Mahzarin R. Banaji, “When

Outgroup Negativity Trumps Ingroup Positivity: Fans of the Boston

Red Sox and New York Yankees Place Greater Value on Rival Losses

Than Own-Team Gains,” Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 22

(2017): 26–42.

 

5 Mina Cikara and Susan T. Fiske, “Their Pain, Our Pleasure: Stereotype

Content and Schadenfreude,” Annals of the New York Academy of

Sciences 1299 (2013): 52–59.

 

6 “Most Hated Baseball Team on Twitter?,” Los Angeles Times, July

1, 2019, www.latimes.com/sports/mlb/la‑sp‑most-hated-mlb-teamstwitter-

yankees-cubs-dodgers-20190701-story.html.

 

7 “Puma and Adidas’ Rivalry Has Divided a Small German Town

for 70 Years — Here’s What It Looks Like Now,” Business Insider

Deutschland, October 1, 2018; Ellen Emmerentze Jervell, “Where

Puma and Adidas Were Like Hatfields and McCoys,” Wall Street

Journal, December 30, 2014, www.wsj.com/articles/where-adidasand-

pumas-were-like-hatfields-and-mccoys-1419894858; Allan Hall,

 “Adidas and Puma Bury the Hatchet after 60 Years of Brothers’ Feud

after Football Match,” Daily Telegraph, September 22, 2009, www.

telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/6216728/Adidasand-

Puma-bury-the-hatchet-after‑60‑years‑of‑brothers-feud-afterfootball-

match.html.

 

8 Kimberly D. Elsbach and C. B. Bhattacharya, “Defining

Who You

Are by What You’re Not: Organizational Disidentification and the

National Rifle Association,” Organization Science 12 (2001): 393–413.

9 Gavin J. Kilduff et al., “Whatever It Takes to Win: Rivalry Increases

Unethical Behavior,” Academy of Management Journal 59 (2016):

1508–34.

 

10 Michael Diehl, “The Minimal Group Paradigm: Theoretical

Explanations and Empirical Findings,” European Review of Social

Psychology 1 (1990): 263–92.

 

11 Dave Hauser (@DavidJHauser), December 5, 2019, twitter.com/

DavidJHauser/status/1202610237934592000.

 

12 Philip Furley, “What Modern Sports Competitions Can Tell Us about

Human Nature,” Perspectives on Psychological Science 14 (2019):

138–55.

 

13 Robert B. Cialdini et al., “Basking in Reflected Glory: Three (Football)

Field Studies,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 34

(1976): 366–75.

 

14 John K. Ashton, Robert Simon Hudson, and Bill Gerrard, “Do

National Soccer Results Really Impact on the Stock Market?,” Applied

Economics 43 (2011): 3709–17; Guy Kaplanski and Haim Levy,

“Exploitable Predictable Irrationality: The FIFA World Cup Effect

on the U.S. Stock Market,” Journal of Financial and Quantitative

Analysis

45 (2010): 535–53; Jerome Geyer-Klingeberg et al., “Do

Stock Markets React to Soccer Games? A Meta-regression Analysis,”

Applied Economics 50 (2018): 2171–89.

הערות | 289

 

15 Panagiotis Gkorezis et al., “Linking Football Team Performance to

Fans’ Work Engagement and Job Performance: Test of a Spillover

Model,” Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 89

(2016): 791–812.

 

16 Gavin J. Kilduff, Hillary Anger Elfenbein, and Barry M. Staw,

“The Psychology of Rivalry: A Relationally Dependent Analysis of

Competition,” Academy of Management Journal 53 (2010): 943–69.

 

17 Seth Stephens-Davidowitz, “They Hook You When You’re Young,”

New York Times, April 19, 2014, www.nytimes.com/2014/04/20/

opinion/sunday/they-hook-you-when-youre-young.html; J. Clement,

“Major League Baseball Teams with the Most Facebook Fans as of June

2020,” Statista, June 16, 2020, www.statista.com/statistics/235719/

facebook-fans‑of‑major-league-baseball-teams.

 

18 George A. Kelly, The Psychology of Personal Constructs, vol. 1, A

Theory of Personality (New York: Norton, 1955).

 

19 Daniel J. Isenberg, “Group Polarization: A Critical Review and Metaanalysis,”

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 50 (1986):

1141–51.

 

 

20 Robert M. Bray and Audrey M. Noble, “Authoritarianism and Decision

in Mock Juries: Evidence of Jury Bias and Group Polarization,”

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 36 (1978): 1424–30.

 

21 Cass R. Sunstein and Reid Hastie, Wiser: Getting Beyond Groupthink

to Make Groups Smarter (Boston: Harvard Business Review Press,

2014).

 

22 Liran Goldman and Michael A. Hogg, “Going to Extremes for One’s

Group: The Role of Prototypicality and Group Acceptance,” Journal

of Applied Social Psychology 46 (2016): 544–53; Michael A. Hogg,

John C. Turner, and Barbara Davidson, “Polarized Norms and Social

Frames of Reference: A Test of the Self-Categorization Theory of

Group Polarization,” Basic and Applied Social Psychology 11 (1990):

77–100.

 

23 Johannes Berendt and Sebastian Uhrich, “Rivalry and Fan Aggression:

Why Acknowledging Conflict Reduces Tension between Rival Fans

and Downplaying

Makes Things Worse,” European Sport Management

Quarterly 18 (2018): 517–40.

 

24 Peter Suedfeld, Katya Legkaia, and Jelena Brcic, “Changes in the

Hierarchy of Value References Associated with Flying in Space,”

Journal of Personality 78 (2010): 1411–36.

 

25 “Edgar Mitchell’s Strange Voyage,” People, April 8, 1974, people.

com/archive/edgar-mitchells-strange-voyage-vol‑1‑no‑6.

 

26 Personal interview with Jeff Ashby, January 12, 2018; “How to Trust

People You Don’t Like,” WorkLife with Adam Grant, March 28,

2018.

 

27 Mark Levine et al., “Identity and Emergency Intervention: How Social

Group Membership and Inclusiveness of Group Boundaries Shape

Helping Behavior,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 31

(2005): 443–53.

 

28 Herbert C. Kelman, “Group Processes in the Resolution of International

Conflicts: Experiences from the Israeli-Palestinian Case,” American

Psychologist

52 (1997): 212–20.

 

29 Alison R. Fragale, Karren Knowlton, and Adam M. Grant, “Feeling for

Your Foes: Empathy Can Reverse the In‑Group Helping Preference”

(working paper, 2020).

 

30 Myron Rothbart and Oliver P. John, “Social Categorization and

Behavioral Episodes: A Cognitive Analysis of the Effects of Intergroup

Contact,” Journal

of Social Issues 41 (1985): 81–104.

 

31 ESPN College Football, www.espn.com/video/clip/_/id/18106107.

 

32 Seinfeld, season 6, episode 12, “The Label Maker,” January 19, 1995,

NBC

 

33 Tim Kundro and Adam M. Grant, “Bad Blood on the Diamond:

Highlighting the Arbitrariness of Acrimony Can Reduce Animosity

toward Rivals” (working

paper, 2020).

הערות | 291

 

34 Kai Epstude and Neal J. Roese, “The Functional Theory of

Counterfactual Thinking,” Personality and Social Psychology Review

12 (2008): 168–92.

 

35 Lee Jussim et al., “The Unbearable Accuracy of Stereotypes,” in

Handbook of Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination, ed. Todd

  1. Nelson (New York: Psychology Press, 2009).

 

36 Lee Jussim, Jarret T. Crawford,

and Rachel S. Rubinstein, “Stereotype

(In)accuracy in Perceptions of Groups and Individuals,” Current

Directions in Psychological Science 24 (2015): 490–97.

 

37 Jackson G. Lu et al., “Disentangling Stereotypes from Social Reality:

Astrological Stereotypes and Discrimination in China,” Journal

of Personality and Social Psychology (2020), psycnet.apa.org/

record/2020-19028-001.

 

38 Gregory R. Maio and James M. Olson, “Values as Truisms:

Evidence

and Implications,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74

(1998): 294–311.

 

39 Paul H. P. Hanel, Gregory R. Maio, and Antony S. R. Manstead,

“A New Way to Look at the Data: Similarities between Groups of

People Are Large and Important,” Journal of Personality and Social

Psychology 116 (2019): 541–62.

 

40 Thomas F. Pettigrew and Linda R. Tropp, “A Meta-analytic Test of

Intergroup Contact Theory,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

90 (2006): 751–83.

 

41 Jennifer R. Overbeck and Vitaliya Droutman,

“One for All: Social

Power Increases Self-Anchoring of Traits, Attitudes, and Emotions,”

Psychological Science 24 (2013): 1466–76.

 

42 Leigh Plunkett Tost, Francesca Gino, and Richard P. Larrick, “When

Power Makes Others Speechless,” Academy of Management

Journal

56 (2013): 1465–86.

 

הערות לפרק 7

1 See Eric Boodman, “The Vaccine Whisperers:

Counselors Gently

Engage New Parents Before Their Doubts Harden into Certainty,”

STAT, August 5, 2019, www.statnews.com/2019/08/05/the-vaccinewhisperers-

counselors-gently-engage-new-parents-before-theirdoubts-

harden-into-certainty.

 

2 Nick Paumgarten, “The Message of Measles,” New Yorker,

August 26, 2019, www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/09/02/themessage‑of‑measles;

Leslie Roberts, “Why Measles Deaths Are

Surging — and Coronavirus Could Make It Worse,” Nature, April 7,

2020, www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-01011‑6.

 

3 Helen Branswell, “New York County, Declaring Emergency

over Measles, Seeks to Ban Unvaccinated from Public Places,”

STAT, March 26, 2019, www.statnews.com/2019/03/26/rocklandcounty‑ny‑declares-

emergency-over-measles; Tyler Pager, “ ‘Monkey,

Rat and Pig DNA’: How Misinformation Is Driving the Measles

Outbreak among Ultra-Orthodox Jews,” New York Times, April 9, 2019,

www.nytimes.com/2019/04/09/nyregion/jews-measles-vaccination.

html.

 

4 Matthew J. Hornsey, Emily A. Harris, and Kelly S. Fielding, “The

Psychological Roots of Anti-Vaccination Attitudes: A 24‑Nation

Investigation,”

Health Psychology 37 (2018): 307–15.

 

5 Cornelia Betsch and Katharina Sachse, “Debunking Vaccination

Myths: Strong Risk Negations Can Increase Perceived Vaccination

Risks,” Health Psychology 32 (2013): 146–55.

 

6 Brendan Nyhan et al., “Effective Messages in Vaccine Promotion: A

Randomized Trial,” Pediatrics 133 (2014): e835–42.

 

7 Zakary L. Tormala and Richard E. Petty, “What Doesn’t Kill Me

Makes Me Stronger: The Effects of Resisting Persuasion on Attitude

Certainty,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 83 (2002):

1298–313.

הערות | 293

 

8 William J. McGuire, “Inducing Resistance to Persuasion: Some

Contemporary Approaches,” Advances in Experimental Social

Psychology 1 (1964): 191–229.

 

9 John A. Banas and Stephen A. Rains, “A Meta-analysis of Research

on

Inoculation Theory,” Communication Monographs 77 (2010): 281–311.

 

10 Personal communications with Bill Miller, September

3 and 6, 2019.

 

11 William R. Miller and Stephen

Rollnick, Motivational Interviewing:

Helping People Change, 3rd ed. (New York: Guilford,

2012).

 

12 Personal interview with Arnaud Gagneur, October 8, 2019.

 

13 Arnaud Gagneur et al., “A Postpartum Vaccination Promotion

Intervention Using Motivational Interviewing Techniques Improves

Short-Term Vaccine Coverage: Promo Vac Study,” BMC Public Health

18 (2018): 811.

 

14 Thomas Lemaître et al., “Impact of a Vaccination Promotion

Intervention Using Motivational Interview Techniques on Long-Term

Vaccine Coverage: The Promo Vac Strategy,” Human Vaccines &

Immunotherapeutics 15 (2019): 732–39.

 

15 Carolyn J. Heckman, Brian L. Egleston, and Makary T. Hofmann,

“Efficacy of Motivational Interviewing for Smoking Cessation: A

Systematic Review

and Meta-analysis,” Tobacco Control 19 (2010):

410–16.

 

16 Brad W. Lundahl et al., “A Meta-analysis of Motivational Interviewing:

Twenty-Five Years of Empirical Studies,” Research on Social Work

Practice 20 (2010): 137–60.

 

17 Brian L. Burke, Hal Arkowitz, and Marisa Menchola,

“The Efficacy

of Motivational Interviewing: A Meta-analysis of Controlled Clinical

Trials,” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 71 (2003):

843–61.

 

18 Pam Macdonald et al., “The Use of Motivational Interviewing in

Eating Disorders: A Systematic Review,” Psychiatry Research 200

(2012): 1–11.

 

19 Marni J. Armstrong et al., “Motivational Interviewing to Improve

Weight Loss in Overweight Patients: A Systematic Review and Metaanalysis

of Randomized Controlled Trials,” Obesity Reviews 12

(2011): 709–23.

 

20 Jonathan Rhodes et al., “Enhancing Grit through Functional Imagery

Training in Professional Soccer,” Sport Psychologist 32 (2018): 220–25.

 

21 Neralie Cain, Michael Gradisar, and Lynette Moseley, “A Motivational

School-Based Intervention for Adolescent Sleep Problems,” Sleep

Medicine 12 (2011): 246–51.

 

22 Conrado J. Grimolizzi-Jensen, “Organizational Change: Effect of

Motivational Interviewing on Readiness to Change,” Journal of

Change Management

18 (2018): 54–69.

 

23 Angelica K. Thevos, Robert E. Quick, and Violet Yanduli, “Motivational

Interviewing Enhances the Adoption of Water Disinfection

Practices in Zambia,” Health Promotion International 15 (2000):

207–14.

 

24 Florian E. Klonek et al., “Using Motivational Interviewing to Reduce

Threats in Conversations about Environmental Behavior,” Frontiers

in Psychology

6 (2015): 1015; Sofia Tagkaloglou and Tim Kasser,

“Increasing Collaborative, Pro-Environmental Activism: The Roles

of Motivational Interviewing, Self-Determined Motivation, and Self-

Efficacy,” Journal of Environmental Psychology 58 (2018): 86–92.

 

25 Joshua L. Kalla and David E. Broockman, “Reducing

Exclusionary

Attitudes through Interpersonal Conversation: Evidence from Three

Field Experiments,” American Political Science Review 114 (2020):

410–25.

 

26 Megan Morris, W. Kim Halford, and Jemima Petch, “A Randomized

Controlled Trial Comparing Family Mediation with and without

Motivational Interviewing,” Journal of Family Psychology 32 (2018):

269–75.

 

27 Sune Rubak et al., “Motivational Interviewing: A Systematic

Review

הערות | 295

and Meta-analysis,” British Journal of General Practice 55 (2005):

305–12.

 

28 Anna Goldfarb, “How to Give People Advice They’ll Be Delighted

to Take,” New York Times, October 21, 2019, www.nytimes.

com/2019/10/21/smarter-living/how‑to‑give-better-advice.html.

 

29 Molly Magill et al., “A Meta-analysis of Motivational Interviewing

Process: Technical, Relational, and Conditional Process Models of

Change,” Journal

of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 86 (2018):

140–57; Timothy R. Apodaca et al., “Which Individual Therapist

Behaviors Elicit Client Change Talk and Sustain Talk in Motivational

Interviewing?,” Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 61 (2016): 60–

65; Molly Magill et al., “The Technical Hypothesis of Motivational

Interviewing: A Meta-analysis of MI’s Key Causal Model,” Journal

of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 82 (2014): 973–83.

 

30 Theresa Moyers, “Change Talk,” Talking to Change with Glenn Hinds

& Sebastian Kaplan.

 

31 Marian Friestad and Peter Wright, “The Persuasion

Knowledge Model:

How People Cope with Persuasion Attempts,” Journal of Consumer

Research 21 (1994): 1–31.

 

32 Personal interviews with Betty Bigombe, March 19 and May 8, 2020;

see also “Betty Bigombe: The Woman Who Befriended a Warlord,”

BBC, August 8, 2019, www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-49269136.

 

33 David Smith, “Surrender of Senior Aide to Joseph Kony Is Major

Blow to Lord’s Resistance Army,” Guardian, January 7, 2015, www.

theguardian.com/global-development/2015/jan/07/surrender-aidejoseph-

kony-blow-lords-resistance-army.

 

34 Kate Murphy, “Talk Less. Listen More. Here’s How,” New York Times,

January 9, 2010, www.nytimes.com/2020/01/09/opinion/listeningtips.

html.

 

35 Guy Itzchakov et al., “The Listener Sets the Tone: High-Quality

Listening Increases Attitude Clarity and Behavior-Intention Con296

| תחשבו שוב / אדם גרנט

sequences,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 44 (2018):

762–78; Guy Itzchakov, Avraham N. Kluger, and Dotan R. Castro,

“I Am Aware of My Inconsistencies but Can Tolerate Them: The

Effect of High Quality Listening on Speakers’ Attitude Ambivalence,”

Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 43 (2017): 105–20.

 

36 Guy Itzchakov and Avraham N. Kluger, “Can Holding a Stick

Improve Listening at Work? The Effect of Listening Circles on

Employees’ Emotions and Cognitions,” European Journal of Work

and Organizational Psychology 26 (2017): 663–76.

 

37 Guy Itzchakov and Avraham N. Kluger, “The Power of Listening in

Helping People Change,” Harvard Business Review, May 17, 2018,

hbr.org/2018/05/the-power‑of‑listening‑in‑helping-people-change.

 

38 E. M. Forster, Aspects of the Novel (New York: Houghton Mifflin,

1927/1956); see also Graham Wallas, The Art of Thought (Kent,

England: Solis Press, 1926/2014).

 

39 Wendy Moffat, E. M. Forster: A New Life (London: Bloomsbury,

2011).

 

40 “Poll: 1 in 3 Women Say Pets Listen Better Than Husbands,”

USA

Today, April 30, 2010, usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/lifestyle/

pets/2010‑04‑30‑pets‑vs‑spouses_N.htm.

 

41 Naykky Singh Ospina et al., “Eliciting the Patient’s Agenda: Secondary

Analysis of Recorded Clinical Encounters,” Journal of General

Internal Medicine 34 (2019): 36–40.

 

42 M. Kim Marvel et al., “Soliciting the Patient’s Agenda: Have We

Improved?,” Journal of the American Medical Association 281 (1999):

283–87.

 

הערות לפרק 8

 

1 Amanda Ripley, “Complicating the Narratives,” Solutions Journalism,

June 27, 2018, thewholestory.solutionsjournalism.org/complicatingthe-

narratives-b91ea06ddf63.

הערות | 297

 

2 Peter T. Coleman, The Five Percent: Finding Solutions to Seemingly

Impossible Conflicts (New York: PublicAffairs, 2011).

 

3 Katharina Kugler and Peter T. Coleman, “Get Complicated: The

Effects of Complexity on Conversations over Potentially Intractable

Moral Conflicts,” Negotiation and Conflict Management Research

(2020), onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/ncmr.12192.

 

4 Matthew Fisher and Frank C. Keil, “The Binary Bias: A Systematic

Distortion in the Integration of Information,” Psychological Science

29 (2018): 1846–58.

 

5 “The Most Popular Book of the Month,” Vanity Fair, February

1920,

babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt? id=mdp.39015032024203& view=1up&

seq=203& q1=divide% 20the% 20world.

 

6 Walt Whitman, Leaves of Grass, in Walt Whitman: The Complete

Poems, ed. Francis Murphy (London: Penguin Classics, 1855/2005).

 

7 Ripley, “Complicating the Narratives.”

 

8 Mike DeBonis and Emily Guskin, “Americans of Both Parties

Overwhelmingly Support ‘Red Flag’ Laws, Expanded Background

Checks for Gun Buyers, Washington Post — ABC News Poll Finds,”

Washington Post, September 9, 2019, www.washingtonpost.com/

politics/americans‑of‑both-parties-overwhelmingly-support-red-flaglaws-

expanded-gun-background-checks-washington-post-abc-newspoll-

finds/2019/09/08/97208916-ca75-11e9-a4f3-c081a126de70_

story.html; Domenico Montanaro,

“Poll: Most Americans Want to See

Congress Pass Gun Restrictions,” NPR, September

10, 2019, www.

npr.org/2019/09/10/759193047/poll-most-americans-want‑to‑seecongress-

pass-gun-restrictions.

 

9 Moira Fagan and Christine Huang, “A Look at How People around the

World View Climate Change,” Pew Research Center, April 18, 2019,

www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/04/18/a‑look‑at‑how-peoplearound-

the-world-view-climate-change.

 

10 “Environment,” Gallup, news.gallup.com/poll/1615/environment.

aspx; “About Six in Ten Americans Think Global Warming Is Mostly

Human-Caused,” Yale Program on Climate Change, December

2018, climatecommunication.yale.edu/wp‑content/uploads/2019/01/

climate_ change_ american_ mind_ december_ 2018_ 1‑3.png.

 

11 Ben Tappin, Leslie Van Der Leer, and Ryan Mckay, “You’re Not

Going to Change Your Mind,” New York Times, May 27, 2017, www.

nytimes.com/2017/05/27/opinion/sunday/youre-not-going‑to‑changeyour-

mind.html.

 

12 Lawrence C. Hamilton, “Education, Politics and Opinions

about

Climate Change: Evidence for Interaction Effects,” Climatic Change

104 (2011): 231–42.

 

 

13 Al Gore, “The Case for Optimism on Climate Change,” TED, February

2016, www.ted.com/talks/al_ gore_ the_ case_ for_ optimism_ on_

climate_ change.

 

14 Steven Levy, “We Are Now at Peak TED,” Wired, February 19, 2016,

www.wired.com/2016/02/we‑are-now‑at‑peak-ted.

 

15 Al Gore, “We Can’t Wish Away Climate Change,” New York Times,

February 27, 2010, www.nytimes.com/2010/02/28/opinion/28gore.

html.

 

16 “Global Warming’s Six Americas,” Yale Program on Climate Change

Communication, climatecommunication.yale.edu/about/projects/

global-warmings-six-americas.

 

17 Philipp Schmid and Cornelia Betsch, “Effective Strategies for

Rebutting Science Denialism in Public Discussions,” Nature Human

Behavior 3 (2019): 931–39.

 

18 Alexander Michael Petersen, Emmanuel

  1. Vincent, and Anthony

LeRoy Westerling, “Discrepancy in Scientific Authority and Media

Visibility of Climate Change Scientists and Contrarians,” Nature

Communications

10 (2019): 3502.

 

19 Matto Mildenberger and Dustin Tingley, “Beliefs about Climate

הערות | 299

Beliefs: The Importance of Second-Order Opinions for Climate

Politics,” British Journal of Political Science 49 (2019): 1279–307.

 

20 Anne Marthe van der Bles et al., “The Effects of Communicating

Uncertainty on Public Trust in Facts and Numbers,” PNAS 117 (2020):

7672–83.

 

21 Uma R. Karmarkar and Zakary L. Tormala, “Believe Me, I Have

No Idea What I’m Talking About: The Effects of Source Certainty

on Consumer Involvement and Persuasion,” Journal of Consumer

Research 36 (2010): 1033–49.

 

22 Tania Lombrozo, “In Science Headlines, Should Nuance Trump

Sensation?,” NPR, August 3, 2015, www.npr.org/sections/13.7/20

15/08/03/428984912/in‑science-headlines-should-nuance-trumpsensation.

 

23 Vincenzo Solfrizzi et al., “Coffee Consumption Habits and the Risk

of Mild Cognitive Impairment: The Italian Longitudinal Study on

Aging,” Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 47 (2015): 889–99.

 

24 Ariana Eunjung Cha, “Yesterday’s Coffee Science: It’s Good for the

Brain. Today: Not So Fast . . .*” Washington Post, August 28, 2015,

www.washingtonpost.com/news/to‑your-health/wp/2015/07/30/

yesterdays-coffee-science-its-good-for-the-brain-today-not‑so‑fast.

 

 

25 “Do Scientists Agree on Climate Change?,” NASA, https://climate.

nasa.gov/faq/17/do‑scientists agree‑on‑climate-change; John Cook et

al., “Consensus on Consensus: A Synthesis of Consensus Estimates on

Human-Caused Global Warming,” Environmental Research Letters

11 (2016): 048002; David Herring, “Isn’t There a Lot of Disagreement

among Climate Scientists about Global Warming?,” ClimateWatch

Magazine, February 3, 2020, www.climate.gov/news-features/

climate‑qa/isnt-there-lot-disagreement-among-climate-scientistsabout-

global-warming.

 

26 Carolyn Gramling, “Climate Models Agree Things Will Get Bad.

Capturing Just How Bad Is Tricky,” ScienceNews, January 7, 2020,

www.science news.org/article/why-climate-change-models-disagreeearth-

worst-case-scenarios.

 

27 Paul G. Bain et al., “Co‑Benefits of Addressing Climate Change Can

Motivate Action around the World,” Nature Climate Change 6 (2016):

154–57.

 

28 Matthew Feinberg and Robb Willer, “The Moral Roots of

Environmental Attitudes,” Psychological Science 24 (2013): 56–62.

 

29 Christopher Wolsko, Hector Ariceaga, and Jesse Seiden, “Red,

White, and Blue Enough to Be Green: Effects of Moral Framing on

Climate Change Attitudes and Conservation Behaviors,” Journal of

Experimental Social Psychology 65 (2016): 7–19.

 

30 Troy H. Campbell and Aaron C. Kay, “Solution Aversion: On the

Relation between Ideology and Motivated Disbelief,” Journal of

Personality and Social Psychology 107 (2014): 809–24.

 

31 Mary Annaise Heglar, “I Work in the Environmental Movement. I

Don’t Care If You Recycle,” Vox, May 28, 2019, www.vox.com/thehighlight/

2019/5/28/18629833/climate-change-2019-green-new-deal;

Bob Berwyn, “Can Planting a Trillion Trees Stop Climate Change?

Scientists Say It’s a Lot More Complicated,” Inside Climate News,

May 27, 2020, insideclimatenews.org/news/26052020/trillion-treesclimate-

change? gclid= EAIaIQobChMIrb6n1qHF6gIVFInICh2kgg

WNEAAYAiAAEgI-sPD_ BwE.

 

32 Lewis Bott et al., “Caveats in Science-Based News Stories

Communicate Caution without Lowering Interest,” Journal of Experimental

Psychology: Applied 25 (2019): 517–42.

 

33 See, for example, Ute Hülsheger, Neil R. Anderson, and Jesus

  1. Salgado, “Team-Level Predictors of Innovation at Work: A

Comprehensive Meta-analysis Spanning Three Decades of Research,”

Journal of Applied Psychology 94 (2009): 1128–45; Cristian L.

Dezsö and David Gaddis Ross, “Does Female Representation

in Top Management Improve Firm Performance? A Panel Data

Investigation,” Strategic Management Journal 33 (2012): 1072–89;

Samuel R. Sommers, “On Racial Diversity and Group Decision

Making: Identifying Multiple Effects of Racial Composition on

Jury Deliberations,”

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

90 (2006): 597–612; Denise Lewin Loyd et al., “Social Category

Diversity Promotes Premeeting Elaboration: The Role of Relationship

Focus,” Organization Science 24 (2013): 757–72.

 

34 Elizabeth Mannix and Margaret A. Neale, “What Differences Make a

Difference? The Promise and Reality of Diverse Teams in Organizations,”

Psychological Science in the Public Interest 6 (2005): 31–55.

 

35 Lisa Leslie, “What Makes a Workplace

Diversity Program Successful?,”

Center for Positive Organizations, January 22, 2020, positiveorgs.

bus.umich.edu/news/what-makes‑a‑workplace-diversity-programsuccessful.

 

36 Edward H. Chang et al., “The Mixed Effects of Online Diversity

Training,” PNAS 116 (2019): 7778–83.

 

37 Ella Miron-Spektor, Francesca Gino, and Linda Argote, “Paradoxical

Frames and Creative Sparks: Enhancing Individual Creativity through

Conflict

and Integration,” Organizational Behavior and Human

Decision Processes 116 (2011): 229–40; Dustin J. Sleesman, “Pushing

Through the Tension While Stuck in the Mud: Paradox Mindset and

Escalation of Commitment,” Organizational Behavior and Human

Decision Processes 155 (2019): 83–96.

 

38 Julian Matthews, “A Cognitive Scientist Explains Why Humans Are

So Susceptible to Fake News and Misinformation,” NiemanLab, April

17, 2019, www.niemanlab.org/2019/04/a‑cognitive-scientist-explainswhy-

humans-are‑so‑susceptible‑to‑fake-news-and-misinformation.

 

דניאל גולמן, אינטליגנציה רגשית, הוצאת מטר, 2009 . 39

and “What Makes a Leader?,” Harvard Business Review, January 2004;

Jordan B. Peterson, “There Is No Such Thing as EQ,” Quora, August

22, 2019, www.quora.com/What‑is‑more-beneficial‑in‑all-aspects‑of302

| תחשבו שוב / אדם גרנט

life‑a‑high‑EQ‑or‑IQ‑This-question‑is‑based‑on‑the-assumption-thatonly-

your‑EQ‑or‑IQ‑is‑high-with-the-other-being-average‑or‑belowthis-

average.

 

40 Dana L. Joseph and Daniel A. Newman, “Emotional Intelligence: An

Integrative Meta-analysis and Cascading Model,” Journal of Applied

Psychology

95 (2010): 54–78; Dana L. Joseph et al., “Why Does Self-

Reported EI Predict Job Performance? A Meta-analytic Investigation

of Mixed EI,” Journal of Applied Psychology 100 (2015): 298–342.

 

41 Joseph and Newman, “Emotional Intelligence.”

 

42 Adam Grant, “Emotional Intelligence Is Overrated,” LinkedIn,

September 30, 2014, www.linkedin.com/pulse/20140930125543-

69244073-emotional-intelligence‑is‑overrated.

 

43 Olga Khazan, “The Myth of ‘Learning Styles,’ ” The Atlantic,

April 11, 2018, www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/04/themyth‑of‑learning-

styles/557687.

 

44 Harold Pashler et al., “Learning Styles: Concepts and Evidence,”

Psychological Science in the Public Interest 9 (2008): 105–19.

 

45 Adam Grant, “Can We End the Meditation Madness?,” New York

Times, October 9, 2015, www.nytimes.com/2015/10/10/opinion/

can‑we‑end-the-meditation-madness.html.

 

46 Adam Grant, “MBTI, If You Want Me Back, You Need to

Change Too,” Medium, November 17, 2015, medium.com/@

AdamMGrant/mbti‑if‑you-want‑me‑back-you-need‑to‑change-tooc7f1a7b6970;

Adam Grant, “Say Goodbye to MBTI, the Fad That

Won’t Die,” LinkedIn, September 17, 2013, www.linkedin.com/

pulse/20130917155206-69244073-say-goodbye‑to‑mbti-the-fad-thatwon‑t‑die.

 

47 Adam Grant, “The Fine Line between Helpful and Harmful Authenticity,”

New York Times, April 10, 2020, www.nytimes.

com/2020/04/10/smarter-living/the-fine-line-between-helpful-andharmful-

authenticity.html; Adam Grant, “Unless You’re Oprah,

 ‘Be Yourself’ Is Terrible Advice,” New York Times, June 4, 2016,

www.nytimes.com/2016/06/05/opinion/sunday/unless-youreoprah‑be‑yourself

‑is ‑terrible-advice.html.

 

48 John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press,

1971).

 

49 Rhia Catapano, Zakary L. Tormala, and Derek D. Rucker, “Perspective

Taking and Self-Persuasion: Why ‘Putting Yourself in Their Shoes’

Reduces Openness to Attitude Change,” Psychological Science 30

(2019): 424–35.

 

50 Tal Eyal, Mary Steffel, and Nicholas Epley, “Perspective

Mistaking:

Accurately Understanding the Mind of Another Requires Getting

Perspective,

Not Taking Perspective,” Journal of Personality and

Social Psychology 114 (2018): 547–71.

 

51 Yascha Mounk, “Republicans Don’t Understand Democrats — and

Democrats Don’t Understand Republicans,” The Atlantic, June 23,

2019, www.theatlantic .com/ideas/archive/2019/06/republicans-anddemocrats-

dont-understand-each-other/592324.

 

52 Julian J. Zlatev, “I May Not Agree with You, but I Trust You: Caring

about Social Issues Signals Integrity,” Psychological Science 30

(2019): 880–92.

 

53 Corinne Bendersky, “Resolving Ideological Conflicts by Affirming

Opponents’ Status: The Tea Party, Obamacare and the 2013

Government Shutdown,” Organizational Behavior and Human

Decision Processes 53 (2014): 163–68.

 

54 Patti Williams and Jennifer L. Aaker, “Can Mixed Emotions Peacefully

Coexist?,” Journal of Consumer Research 28 (2002): 636–49.

55 Beca Grimm, “11 Feelings There Are No Words for in English,”

Bustle, July 15, 2015, www.bustle.com/articles/97413‑11‑feelingsthere-

are‑no‑words-for‑in‑english-for-all-you-emotional-word-nerdsout.

 

56 Bill Demain et al., “51 Wonderful Words with No English Equivalent,”

Mental Floss, December 14, 2015, www.mentalfloss.com/

article/50698/38‑wonderful-foreign-words‑we‑could-use-english.

 

57 Kate Bratskeir, “ ‘Kummerspeck,’ or Grief Bacon, Is the German Word

for What Happens When You Eat When You’re Sad,” Mic, December

19, 2017, www.mic.com/articles/186933/kummerspeck‑or‑griefbacon‑is‑the-

german-word-for-eating-when-sad.

 

58 Ibram X. Kendi, How to Be an Antiracist (New York: One World,

2019).

 

59 Don Lemon, “She Called Police on Him in Central Park. Hear His

Response,” CNN, May 27, 2020, www.cnn.com/videos/us/2020/05/27/

christian-cooper-central-park-video-lemon-ctn-sot-intv-vpx.cnn.

 

הערות לפרק 9

1 Grant Allen [pseud. Olive Pratt Rayner], Rosalba: The Story of Her

Development (London: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1899).

 

2 Personal interview with Erin McCarthy, January 14, 2020; Scott

Anderson, “Wisconsin National Teacher of the Year Nominee Is from

Greendale,”

Patch, August 20, 2019, patch.com/wisconsin/greendale/

wisconsin-national-teacher-year-nominee-greendale.

 

3 Deborah Kelemen, “The Magic of Mechanism: Explanation-Based

Instruction

on Counterintuitive Concepts in Early Childhood,”

Perspectives on Psychological Science 14 (2019): 510–22.

 

4 Sam Wineburg, Daisy Martin, and Chauncey Monte-Sano, Reading

Like a Historian (New York: Teachers College Press, 2013).

 

5 “Teacher Materials and Resources,” Historical Thinking

Matters,

http://historicalthinkingmatters.org/teachers.

 

6 Elizabeth Emery, “Have Students Interview Someone They Disagree

With,” Heterodox Academy, February 11, 2020, heterodoxacademy.

org/viewpoint-diversity-students-interview-someone.

 

7 Annabelle Timsiy, “In the Age of Fake News, Here’s How Schools Are

Teaching Kids to Think Like Fact-Checkers,” Quartz, February 12,

2019, qz.com/1533747/in‑the-age‑of‑fake-news-heres-how-schoolsare-

teaching-kids‑to‑think-like-fact-checkers.

 

8 Rose Troup Buchanan, “King Tutankhamun Did Not Die in Chariot

Crash, Virtual Autopsy Reveals,” Independent, October 20, 2014,

www.independent.co.uk/news/science/king-tutankhamun-did-notdie‑in‑chariot-

crash-virtual-autopsy-reveals-9806586.html.

 

9 Brian Resnick, “Farts: Which Animals Do, Which Don’t, and

Why,” Vox, October 19, 2018, www.vox.com/science-andhealth/

2018/4/3/17188186/does‑it‑fart-book-animal-farts-dinosaurfarts.

 

10 Louis Deslauriers et al., “Measuring Actual Learning versus Feeling of

Learning in Response to Being Actively Engaged in the Classroom,”

PNAS 116 (2019): 19251–57.

 

11 Scott Freeman et al., “Active Learning Increases Student Performance

in Science, Engineering, and Mathematics,”

PNAS 111 (2014): 8410–

15.

 

12 Jochen I. Menges et al., “The Awestruck Effect: Followers Suppress

Emotion Expression in Response to Charismatic but Not Individually

Considerate Leadership,”

Leadership Quarterly 26 (2015): 626–40.

 

13 Adam Grant, “The Dark Side of Emotional Intelligence,” The Atlantic,

January 2, 2014, www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2014/01/

the-dark-side‑of‑emotional-intelligence/282720.

 

14 M. Stains et al., “Anatomy of STEM Teaching in North American

Universities,” Science 359 (2018): 1468–70.

 

15 Grant Wiggins, “Why Do So Many HS History Teachers Lecture So

Much?,” April 24, 2015, grantwiggins.wordpress.com/2015/04/24/

why‑do‑so‑many‑hs‑history-teachers-lecture‑so‑much.

 

16 Guido Schwerdt and Amelie C. Wupperman, “Is Traditional

Teaching

Really All That Bad? A Within-Student Between-Subject Approach,”

Economics

of Education Review 30 (2011): 365–79.

 

17 Robert Nozick, Anarchy, State, and Utopia (New York: Basic Books,

1974).

 

18 Asahina Robert, “The Inquisitive Robert Nozick,” New York Times,

September 20, 1981, www.nytimes.com/1981/09/20/books/theinquisitive-

robert-nozick.html.

 

19 Felipe De Brigard, “If You Like It, Does It Matter If It’s Real?,”

Philosophical Psychology 23 (2010): 43–57.

 

20 Ken Gewertz, “Philosopher Nozick Dies at 63,” Harvard

Gazette,

January 17, 2002, news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2002/01/

philosopher-nozick-dies‑at‑63; see also Hilary Putnam et al., “Robert

Nozick: Memorial Minute,” Harvard

Gazette, May 6, 2004, news.

harvard.edu/gazette/story/2004/05/robert-nozick.

21 Joachim Stoeber and Kathleen Otto, “Positive Conceptions of

Perfectionism: Approaches, Evidence, Challenges,” Personality and

Social Psychology Review 10 (2006): 295–319.

 

22 Dana Harari et al., “Is Perfect Good? A Meta-analysis of Perfectionism

in the Workplace,” Journal of Applied Psychology 103 (2018): 1121–

44.

 

23 Philip L. Roth et al., “Meta-analyzing the Relationship

between Grades

and Job Performance,” Journal of Applied Psychology 81 (1996):

548–56.

 

24 Adam Grant, “What Straight‑A Students Get Wrong,” New York Times,

December 8, 2018, www.nytimes.com/2018/12/08/opinion/collegegpa-

career-success.html.

 

25 Donald W. Mackinnon, “The Nature and Nurture of Creative Talent,”

American Psychologist 17 (1962): 484–95.

 

26 Karen Arnold, Lives of Promise: What Becomes of High School

Valedictorians (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1995).

 

27 Mike Kaiser, “This Wharton Senior’s Letter Writing Project Gets

Global Attention,” Wharton School, February 17, 2016, www.wharton.

upenn.edu/story/wharton-seniors-letter-writing-project-gets-globalattention.

 

28 Aloysius Wei Lun Koh, Sze Chi Lee, and Stephen Wee Hun Lim, “The

Learning Benefits of Teaching: A Retrieval Practice Hypothesis,”

Applied Cognitive Psychology 32 (2018): 401–10; Logan Fiorella and

Richard E. Mayer, “The Relative Benefits of Learning by Teaching

and Teaching Expectancy,” Contemporary Educational

Psychology

38 (2013): 281–88; Robert B. Zajonc and Patricia R. Mullally, “Birth

Order: Reconciling Conflicting Effects,” American Psychologist

52 (1997): 685–99; Peter A. Cohen, James A. Kulik, and Chen-Lin

  1. Kulik, “Educational Outcomes of Tutoring: A Meta-analysis of

Findings,” American Educational Research Journal 19 (1982): 237–

48.

 

29 Personal interview with Ron Berger, October 29, 2019; Ron Berger, An

Ethic of Excellence: Building a Culture of Craftsmanship with Students

(Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 2003); Ron Berger, Leah Rugen,

and Libby Woodfin, Leaders of Their Own Learning: Transforming

Schools through Student-Engaged Assessment (San Francisco: Jossey-

Bass, 2014).

 

30 Kirill Fayn et al., “Confused or Curious? Openness/Intellect Predicts

More Positive Interest-Confusion Relations,” Journal of Personality

and Social Psychology 117 (2019): 1016–33.

 

31 Eleanor Duckworth, The Having of Wonderful Ideas (New York:

Teachers College Press, 2006).

 

 

32 Elisabeth Vogl et al., “Surprised-Curious-Confused: Epistemic

Emotions and Knowledge Exploration,” Emotion 20 (2020): 625–41.

 

33 Ron Berger, “Critique and Feedback — The Story of Austin’s

Butterfly,” December 8, 2012, www.youtube.com/watch? v= hqh1MR

WZjms.

 

הערות לפרק 10

1 Kurt Vonnegut, Player Piano (New York: Dial Press, 1952/2006).

 

2 Tony Reichhardt, “The Spacewalk That Almost Killed Him,” Air &

Space Magazine, May 2014, www.airspacemag.com/space/spacewalkalmost-

killed-him-180950135/?all.

 

3 Matej Černe et al., “What Goes Around Comes Around: Knowledge

Hiding, Perceived Motivational Climate, and Creativity,” Academy of

Management Journal 57 (2014): 172–92; Markus Baer and Michael

Frese, “Innovation

Is Not Enough: Climates for Initiative and

Psychological Safety, Process Innovations,

and Firm Performance,”

Journal of Organizational Behavior 24 (2003): 45–68.

 

4 Anita L. Tucker and Amy C. Edmondson, “Why Hospitals Don’t

Learn from Failures: Organizational and Psychological Dynamics That

Inhibit System Change,” California Management Review 45 (2003):

55–72; Amy C. Edmondson, “Learning from Mistakes Is Easier Said

Than Done: Group and Organizational Influences on the Detection and

Correction of Human Error,” Journal of Applied Behavioral Science

40 (1996): 5–28.

 

5 William A. Kahn, “Psychological Conditions of Personal Engagement

and Disengagement at Work,” Academy of Management Journal 33

(1990): 692–724.

 

6 Julia Rozovsky, “The Five Keys to a Successful

Google Team,”

re:Work, November 17, 2015, rework.withgoogle.com/blog/fivekeys‑to‑a‑successful-

google-team.

 

7 Amy C. Edmondson, “How Fearless Organizations Succeed,”

strategy+business, November 14, 2018, www.strategy-business.com/

article/How-Fearless-Organizations-Succeed.

 

8 Amy Edmondson, “Psychological Safety and Learning Behavior in

Work Teams,” Administrative Science Quarterly 44 (1999): 350–83.

 

9 Paul W. Mulvey, John F. Veiga, and Priscilla M. Elsass, “When

Teammates Raise a White Flag,” Academy of Management Perspectives

10 (1996): 40–49.

 

10 Howard Berkes, “30 Years after Explosion, Challenger Engineer

Still Blames Himself,” NPR, January 28, 2016, www.npr.org/

sections/thetwo-way/2016/01/28/464744781/30‑years-after-disasterchallenger-

engineer-still-blames-himself.

 

11 Joel Bach, “Engineer Sounded Warnings for Columbia,” ABC News,

January 7, 2006, abcnews.go.com/Technology/story? id= 97600&

page= 1.

 

12 Personal interview with Ellen Ochoa, December 12, 2019.

 

13 Personal interview with Chris Hansen, November 12, 2019.

 

14 Constantinos G. V. Coutifaris and Adam M. Grant, “Taking Your

Team Behind the Curtain: The Effects of Leader Feedback-Sharing,

Feedback-Seeking, and Humility on Team Psychological Safety Over

Time” (working paper, 2020).

 

15 Wharton Follies, “Mean Reviews: Professor

Edition,” March 22,

2015, www.youtube.com/watch?v=COOaEVSu6ms& t=3s.

 

16 Celia Moore et al., “The Advantage of Being Oneself: The Role of

Applicant Self-Verification in Organizational Hiring Decisions,”

Journal of Applied Psychology

102 (2017): 1493–513.

 

17 Kerry Roberts Gibson, Dana Harari, and Jennifer Carson Marr, “When

Sharing Hurts: How and Why Self-Disclosing Weakness Undermines

the Task-Oriented Relationships of Higher-Status Disclosers,”

Organizational

Behavior and Human Decision Processes 144 (2018):

25–43.

 

18 Itamar Simonson and Barry M. Staw, “Deescalation Strategies: A

Comparison of Techniques for Reducing Commitment to Losing

Courses of Action,” Journal of Applied Psychology 77 (1992): 419–26;

Jennifer S. Lerner and Philip E. Tetlock, “Accounting for the Effects

of Accountability,” Psychological Bulletin 125 (1999): 255–75.

 

19 Amy C. Edmondson, “The Competitive Imperative of Learning,”

Harvard Business Review, July-August 2008, hbr.org/2008/07/thecompetitive-

imperative‑of‑learning.

 

20 Jeff Bezos, “2016 Letter to Shareholders,” www.sec.gov/Archives/

edgar/data/1018724/000119312517120198/d373368dex991.htm.

 

21 Barry M. Staw, Sigal G. Barsade, and Kenneth W. Koput, “Escalation

at the Credit Window: A Longitudinal Study of Bank Executives’

Recognition and Write Off of Problem Loans,” Journal of Applied

Psychology 82 (1997): 130–42.

 

הערות לפרק 11

1 Jack Handey, “My First Day in Hell,” New Yorker, October 23, 2006,

www.newyorker.com/magazine/2006/10/30/my‑first-day‑in‑hell.

 

 

2 William B. Swann Jr. and Peter J. Rentfrow, “Blirtatiousness:

Cognitive,

Behavioral, and Physiological Consequences of Rapid Responding,”

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 81 (2001): 1160–75.

 

3 Locke and Latham, “Building a Practically Useful Theory.”

 

4 Peter M. Gollwitzer, “Implementation Intentions: Strong Effects of

Simple Plans,” American Psychologist 54 (1999): 493–503.

 

5 James Y. Shah and Arie W. Kruglanski, “Forgetting All Else: On

the Antecedents and Consequences of Goal Shielding,” Journal of

Personality and Social Psychology 83 (2002): 1261–80.

 

6 Barry M. Staw and Jerry Ross, “Understanding Behavior in Escalation

Situations,” Science 246 (1989): 216–20.

 

7 Dustin J. Sleesman et al., “Putting Escalation of Commitment in

Context: A Multilevel Review and Analysis,” Academy of Management

Annals 12 (2018): 178–207.

 

8 Colin F. Camerer and Roberto A. Weber, “The Econometrics

and Behavioral Economics of Escalation of Commitment: A Reexamination

of Staw and Hoang’s NBA Data,” Journal of Economic

Behavior & Organization 39 (1999): 59–82.

 

9 Glen Whyte, “Escalating Commitment in Individual and Group

Decision Making: A Prospect Theory Approach,” Organizational

Behavior and Human Decision Processes 54 (1993): 430–55.

 

10 Joel Brockner, “The Escalation of Commitment to a Failing Course

of Action: Toward Theoretical Progress,” Academy of Management

Review 17 (1992): 39–61.

 

11 Dustin J. Sleesman et al., “Cleaning Up the Big Muddy: A Metaanalytic

Review of the Determinants of Escalation of Commitment,”

Academy of Management Journal 55 (2012): 541–62.

 

12 Jon M. Jachimowicz et al., “Why Grit Requires Perseverance and

Passion to Positively Predict Performance,” PNAS 115 (2018): 9980–

85; Angela Duckworth

and James J. Gross, “Self-Control and Grit:

Related but Separable Determinants of Success,” Current Directions

in Psychological Science 23 (2014): 319–25.

 

13 Larbi Alaoui and Christian Fons-Rosen, “Know When to Fold ’Em:

The Grit Factor,” Universitat Pompeu Fabra: Barcela GSE Working

Paper Series (2018).

 

14 Gale M. Lucas et al., “When the Going Gets Tough: Grit Predicts Costly

Perseverance,” Journal of Research in Personality 59 (2015): 15–22;

see also Henry Moon, “The Two Faces of Conscientiousness: Duty

and Achievement Striving

in Escalation of Commitment Dilemmas,”

Journal of Applied Psychology 86 (2001): 533–40.

 

15 Lee Crust, Christian Swann, and Jacquelyn Allen-Collinson, “The Thin

Line: A Phenomenological Study of Mental Toughness and Decision

Making in Elite High-Altitude Mountaineers,” Journal of Sport and

Exercise Psychology

38 (2016): 598–611.

 

16 Wim Meeus et al., “Patterns of Adolescent Identity Development:

Review of Literature and Longitudinal Analysis,” Developmental

Review 19 (1999): 419–61.

 

17 Otilia Obodaru, “The Self Not Taken: How Alternative

Selves Develop and How They Influence Our Professional Lives,” Academy

of Management

Review 37 (2017): 523–53.

 

18 Michelle Obama, Becoming (New York: Crown, 2018).

 

19 Shoshana R. Dobrow, “Dynamics of Callings: A Longitudinal Study of

Musicians,” Journal of Organizational Behavior 34 (2013): 431–52.

 

20 Justin M. Berg, Adam M. Grant, and Victoria Johnson, “When Callings

Are Calling: Crafting Work and Leisure in Pursuit of Unanswered

Occupational Callings,” Organization Science 21 (2010): 973–94.

 

21 Chris Rock, Tamborine, directed by Bo Burnham, Netflix, 2018.

 

22 Ryan F. Lei et al., “Children Lose Confidence in Their Potential to ‘Be

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